Speech recognition system for electronic switches in a non-wireline communications network

ABSTRACT

An advanced telecommunications system is provided for the recognizing of spoken commands over a cellular telephone, satellite telephone, or personal communications network. In the cellular application, for example, a Speech Recognition System interconnects either internally with or as an external peripheral to a cellular telecommunications switch. The Speech Recognition System includes an administrative subsystem, a call processing subsystem, a speaker-dependent recognition subsystem, a speaker-independent recognition subsystem, and a data storage subsystem. The Speech Recognition System also allows for increased efficiency in the cellular telephone network by integrating with the switch or switches as a shared resource. The administrative subsystem of the Speech Recognition System is used to keep statistical logs of pertinent call information. Pre-recorded instructional messages are stored in the memory of the call processing subsystem for instructing a user on his or her progress in using the system. The speaker-independent recognition subsystem allows the user to interact with the system employing non-user specific functions. User specific functions are controlled with the speaker-dependent recognition subsystem. User specific attributes collected by the recognition subsystems are stored in the data storage subsystem.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of application U.S. Ser. No.07/867,873 filed Apr. 13, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,297,183.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention is related to telecommunications systems, and moreparticularly to an electronic digital signal processor-controlledtelecommunications system for the recognition of spoken commands and forthe directing of telephone calls based on spoken commands.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is well-known that many of the safety hazards of cellular telephoneuse could be alleviated by utilizing automatic speech recognition. Whiletelephone-based speech recognition systems are known, cellular voicedialing over a mobile telephone exchange ("MTX") presents significantchallenges for two basic reasons. First, the recognition technology mustaccommodate a tremendous range of both remotely-mounted and hand-heldmicrophone types. Second, the signal may be band-limited and degraded intransmission to the MTX where the recognition system will be located.Voice-controlled dialers of the prior art, such as taught in U.S. Pat.No. 4,853,953 to Fujisaki, have not been successfully implemented in thecellular environment.

There is therefore a need for voice recognition systems for use in thecellular, satelite and and personal communications network environmentsthat overcome these and other problems of the prior art and thatfacilitate the use of voice-dialing and other safety and conveniencefeatures.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to describe animplementation of a speech recognition system in a cellular or personalcommunications network environment.

It is a further object of the invention to describe a speech recognitionsystem for use at a mobile telephone exchange (MTX) of a cellular orpersonal communications network. The placement of the speech recognitionsystem at the MTX significantly reduces cost and increases reliabilityby enabling the switch vendor to install and maintain the system inconjunction with the cellular switch.

It is another object of the invention to describe a cellular voicedialing system for use in or in conjunction with an MTX of a cellularnetwork.

It is still another object of the invention to use voice recognitiontechniques to secure access to a cellular or personal communicationsnetwork.

Another object of the invention is to provide for combined use ofspeaker-dependent and speaker-independent voice recognition and speakerverification techniques in an MTX of a cellular or personalcommunications telephone network.

These and other objects of the invention are provided in an advancedsystem for the recognizing of spoken commands over the cellulartelephone or any personal communications (i.e., any non-wireline)network. In the cellular application, for example, a Speech RecognitionSystem interconnects either internally with or as an external peripheralto a cellular telecommunications MTX switch. The Speech RecognitionSystem includes an administrative subsystem, a call processingsubsystem, a speaker-dependent recognition subsystem, aspeaker-independent recognition subsystem, and a data storage subsystem.The Speech Recognition System also allows for increased efficiency inthe cellular telephone network by integrating with the switch orswitches as a shared resource. The administrative subsystem of theSpeech Recognition System is used to keep statistical logs of pertinentcall information. Pre-recorded instructional messages are stored in thememory of the call processing subsystem for instructing a user on his orher progress in using the system. The speaker-independent recognitionsubsystem allows the user to interact with the system employing non-userspecific functions. User specific functions are controlled with thespeaker-dependent recognition subsystem. User specific attributescollected by the recognition subsystems are stored in the data storagesubsystem.

The foregoing has outlined some of the more pertinent objects of thepresent invention. These objects should be construed to be merelyillustrative of some of the more prominent features and applications ofthe invention. Many other beneficial results can be attained by applyingthe disclosed invention in a different manner or modifying the inventionas will be described. Accordingly, other objects and a fullerunderstanding of the invention may be had by referring to the followingDetailed Description of the preferred embodiment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention and theadvantages thereof, reference should be made to the following DetailedDescription taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a cellular telephone network incorporatingan external switch-based Speech Recognition System according to thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a cellular telephone network incorporatingan internal switch-based Speech Recognition System;

FIG. 3 is an upper level block diagram of the Speech Recognition Systemand data storage subsystem of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a detailed component diagram of the speech recognizer board ofthe Speech Recognition System of FIGS. 2 and 3;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a Control routine used in the SpeechRecognition System;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the Dial routine of the invention used by thesubscriber to voice dial a telephone number that has beenpreviously-stored by the subscriber;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the Call routine used by the subscriber tovoice dial a speaker-independent telephone number;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the Directory Dialing routine used by thesubscriber to recall a previously-stored number using aspeaker-dependent directory name;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a Store routine used to storesubscriber-specific destination number information;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a Memory routine used to store speed-dialnumbers associated with specific memory locations; and

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a Directory Storage routine used to storespeaker-dependent directory names and associated telephone numbers foruse by the subscriber to speed-dial destination numbers based on theassociated directory names.

Similar reference characters refer to similar parts or steps throughoutthe several drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a cellular telephone network incorporatingan external switch-based Speech Recognition System according to thepresent invention. Although the following description is specificallyrelated to use of the Speech Recognition System at or in conjunctionwith an MTX of a cellular network, it should be appreciated that theSystem also interconnects either internally with or as an externalperipheral to a personal communications network. Indeed, the principlesof the invention are applicable to any cellular-like networkapplication, i.e., where a non-wireline communications network isemployed for mobile, satelite, portable or personal communications. TheSpeech Recognition System can also be used as a shared resource throughintegration with a plurality of such non-wireline communicationsnetworks.

Referring now to FIG. 1, an exemplary telephone network is a cellularnetwork 10 having a mobile telephone exchange (MTX) switch 12 connectedto a transceiver and an antenna 14. The transceiver is located in eachcell of the cellular network and communicates with the MTX to effecttransmission and reception of signals to and from the mobile telephonelocated in vehicle 15. The transceiver is typically connected to the MTXvia a leased or dedicated network line 11. The MTX 12 is typicallyconnected to the land-based destinations via telephone network 16.

A cellular mobile telecommunications system connects mobiletelecommunications customers, each having a mobile unit, to land-basedcustomers served by a telephone network. Incoming and outgoing calls arerouted through a mobile telecommunications switching office connected toa group of cell sites that communicate with mobile units. The mobiletelecommunications switching office includes a mobile telephoneswitching exchange (MTX) for routing the calls between the mobile unitsand the telephone network. In a typically mobile cellular communicationssystem, there are usually many cells per MTX and several MTX's persystem. As used herein, "mobile telecommunications system" refers tocellular, satelite and personal communications network environments.

Each cellular telephone is uniquely identified by two numbers: a serialnumber ("ESN") encoded in the phone by its manufacturer, and a mobileidentification number ("MIN"), which is the cellular telephone numberprogrammed in by the cellular service provider. The service provideroperates the MTX 12 and keeps a database of all MIN's (and theirassociated ESN's). Each time a call is placed by the cellular telephone,the service provider verifies whether the MIN and the associated ESN areauthorized. If the MIN and ESN of a cellular phone are not recognized(and the area code or NPA of the MIN indicates that the phone number isoutside of the provider's service area), the provider normally allowsthe call to proceed at least one time. If billing authorization cannotlater be verified, however, the MIN and serial number are then placed onan exception list. Subsequent attempts to use the MIN will then berejected.

According to one embodiment of the invention as shown in FIG. 1, aSpeech Recognition System 20 is connected as an external peripheral tothe MTX through a set of preferably digital trunk lines. Set 22 is usedfor incoming signals and set 24 is used for outgoing signals. Othertypes of signaling, such as CEPT E1 or analog, may also be used besidesT1. The Speech Recognition System 20 is connected to a dedicated datastorage subsystem 26 through a data network 28. The data storagesubsystem is used to store recognition data derived from the subscribersto the voice dialing service as will be described. The SpeechRecognition System 20 may be integrated with one or more switches(whether or not cellular) for use as a shared resource via incoming andoutgoing trunk sets 30 and 32.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a block diagram shows the cellular telephonenetwork 10' with the Speech Recognition System 20 interconnectedinternally to the MTX. This is the preferred embodiment of theinvention. The hierarchical architecture of the cellular switch includesthe central processing unit 33, memory 34, data storage disk 35,cellular interface 36, central office trunk interface 37 and a backplaneor switching matrix 38.

The Speech Recognition System 20 includes a number of functionalsubsystems: an administrative subsystem 21, a call processing subsystem23, a speaker-dependent recognition subsystem 25, a speaker-independentrecognition subsystem 27, and the data storage subsystem 29 (whichcorresponds to the storage system 26 of FIG. 1). The administrativesubsystem 21 of the Speech Recognition System is used to keepstatistical logs of pertinent call information. Pre-recordedinstructional messages are stored in the memory of the call processingsubsystem 23 for instructing a user on his or her progress in using thesystem. The speaker-independent recognition subsystem 27 allows the userto interact with the system employing non-user specific functions. Userspecific functions are controlled with the speaker-dependent recognitionsubsystem 25. User specific attributes collected by the recognitionsubsystems are stored in the data storage subsystem 29.

FIG. 3 is an upper level block diagram of the Speech Recognition Systemof FIG. 1. The hierarchical architecture of the System 20 comprises acontrol central processing unit 40, a speech recognizer board 41, avideo drive circuit board 42, a disk drive controller board 43 withassociated hard disk drive, telephone interface circuit boards 44, and alocal area network ("LAN") interface board 45. A local area network 46connects these components of the System to the data storage subsystem29, which comprises a LAN interface board 47, a CPU control board 48 anda mass storage hard drive device 49. As also seen in FIG. 3, a pulsecode modulation ("PCM") highway connects the telephone interface boards44 to the speech recognition board 41. The MTX is also connected to theSystem 20 through the interface boards 44.

The CPU 40 and associated control programs function as the systemadministrative subsystem 21 of FIG. 2. The recognizer board 41 acts asthe recognition call processing subsystem 23 and the recognitionsubsystems 25 and 27. Command and control functions are communicated tothe recognizer board 41 from the system administrative processor 40 tothe recognition call processing subsystem through a system bus.Responses received by the administrative processor from the recognitionsubsystem indicate primary and secondary recognition responses, errorcodes and command acknowledgements.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a more detailed schematic diagram is shown ofthe recognizer board 41 of FIG. 3 and modules 25 and 27 of FIG. 2. Therecognizer includes a control digital signal processor ("DSP") 50 havingan associated memory 51 for supporting control programs and data. Thecontrol DSP 50 in this embodiment of the invention controls a pluralityof speech recognition digital signal processors 52a . . . 52d via acontrol bus 53. The control DSP 50 also connects to an interfaceprocessor 54 via a host port interface 55. Interface processor 54 hasits own processor memory 56. A buffer 57 interconnects the interfaceprocessor to a system bus interface circuit 58 that interconnects therecognizer board to the system bus.

The PCM highway of FIG. 3 or backplane of FIG. 2 is connected to a PCMhighway interface circuit 59 that supplies speech sample information tothe control DSP 50 and memory 51 via address and data bases 60 and 61.Each of the speech recognition DSP's 52a . . . 52d has an associatedmemory 62a . . . 62d and storage buffer 63a . . . 63d. Buffered addressand data buses 64 and 65 interconnect to the address and data buses 60and 61 through the buffers 66.

The interface processor 64 converts batch system commands or commandblocks received through the system bus interface 58 into singularcommands for the control DSP 50. Similarly, singular responses from thecontrol DSP 50 are buffered by the interface processor 54 and are sentto the administrative processor (of FIGS. 2 and 3) in code blocks toincrease overall system efficiency.

All telephone channel signaling and PCM highway sample transfer ishandled by the control DSP 50 through the PCM highway interface 59. Thecontrol DSP 50 is also used to send samples and commands to the fourspeech recognition DSP's 52a . . . 52d. Additionally, the DSP's 52 canfunction to stop outgoing messages based on detection of certainincoming speech energy.

The system data flow is such that recognition commands and responses aresent to and from the administrative processor and the speech recognitionDSP's 52 through the control DSP 50, the interface processor 54, and thesystem bus interface 58. Speech samples are received by the speechrecognition DSP's 52 through the PCM highway interface 59 and thecontrol DSP 50.

The present invention facilitates the implementation of voice-dialing ina cellular telephone or other personal communications networkenvironment. When a user "subscribes" to the service (e.g., with the MTXservice provider), it is desirable that certain speech data be collectedfrom the subscriber for security purposes. Thus, upon subscription, theuser normally will be asked to provide his or her native language (e.g.,English, Spanish, French, etc.), a personal identification number, andpersonal information related specifically to the subscriber such as asocial security number or date of birth. This latter information may beused in an automated query process as will be described to preventfraudulent use of the cellular or personal telephone network. Once theuser information is activated in the system, the user may place orreceive telephone calls. Initially, the user will be required to enterspeed-dial numbers and their associated directory names.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a functional flowchart is provided describingthe basic control functions of the Speech Recognition System accordingto the present invention. The routine begins at step 102 when the userdials digits from the cellular telephone. At step 104, a test isperformed to determine if a Speech Recognition System access code hasbeen dialed. If not, the cellular switch processes the call based on thenumber dialed at step 106 and the routine ends. If the result of thetest at step 104 is positive, the routine continues at step 108 duringwhich the switch makes an audio path connection between the user and theSpeech Recognition System. At step 110, the switch sends the user'smobile identification number ("MIN") to the Speech Recognition System.As noted above, the MIN is a unique number associated with a givencellular telephone that is available to the switch each time a telephonecall is placed.

According to the invention, each user who subscribes to the service willhave prerecorded a list of destination numbers. At step 110, thesespeed-dial numbers, along with speaker-dependent templates and userlanguage type data, are retrieved from the data storage subsystem. Asnoted above, the data storage subsystem stores such data atpredetermined locations that are preferably accessed by the MIN. Theroutine then continues at step 112 with the Speech Recognition Systemprompting the user that it is "Ready For Command" or the like. Thecommand is made in the language as determined by the user language typedata retrieved at step 110. At step 114, the Speech Recognition Systemsengages the speaker-independent recognition subsystem to obtain the userresponse. Depending on the response, one of several differentsubroutines follow.

If the user states and the system recognizes a "Dial" command, controlis passed to the Dial Routine of FIG. 6. In particular, a test is madeat step 116 to determine if the Dial command is recognized. If so,control is transferred to the routine of FIG. 6. If the response to thetest at step 116 is negative, a test is made at step 118 to determine ifa "Call" command has been spoken and recognized. If the systemrecognizes a "Call" Command, control is passed to the Call Routine ofFIG. 7. If the response to the test at step 118 is negative, a test ismade at step 120 to determine if a "Directory" command has been spokenand recognized. If the system recognizes a "Directory" Command, controlis passed to the Directory Dialing Routine of FIG. 8.

If the result of the test at step 120 is negative, a test is made atstep 122 to determine if the user has spoken a "Quit" command. If so,the routine terminates. If the result of the test at step 122 isnegative, the Speech Recognition System responds with a error message instep 124. A test is then performed at step 126 to determine if apredetermined maximum error count has been reached. If not, control istransferred back to step 114. If the predetermined maximum error counthas been reached, the call and the MIN is transferred to an operator atstep 128 and the routine ends.

Referring now to FIG. 6, the Dial Routine is described in detail. Atstep 130, the Speech Recognition System prompts the user with a message,such as "Phone Number Please," and applies the speaker-independentrecognizer to collect the digits. A test is performed at step 132 todetermine whether a digit has been collected. If not, a test is made atstep 134 to determine if a predetermined timeout has elapsed. A negativeresponse to the timeout step returns control back to step 132. If theoutcome of the test at step 134 is positive, the routine performs a testat step 136 to determine if at least the first digit of the phone numberto be called has been entered. If so, another test is performed at step138 to determine if a maximum error count has been reached. If theoutcome of the test at step 138 is negative, the Speech RecognitionSystem prompts the user to "please enter next digit" at step 140 andcontrol returns to step 132.

If, however, the outcome of the test at step 136 is negative, theroutine tests to determine whether a maximum error count has beenreached at step 142. If not, control returns to step 130 to request theuser to enter the phone number. If the outcome of the test at eitherstep 138 or 142 is positive, the call (with the MIN) is transferred toan operator at step 144 and the routine ends.

If the outcome of the test at step 132 is positive, the recognizerpreferably responds with a short beep or other audible indication atstep 146. A test is then made at step 148 to determine if the digitcollected is the last digit expected in the string. If not, the digit issaved in a string buffer at step 149 and the routine returns to step 132to collect another digit. If, however, the outcome of step 148 ispositive, all digits have been collected and the speaker-independentrecognition subsystem is engaged at step 150.

At step 152, the subsystem attempts to verify the called number. If theverification command is not recognized, the Speech Recognition Systemresponds at step 154 with a message such as "Error, Please repeat," andcontrol returns back to step 152. If the outcome of the test at step 152is positive, the telephone number is repeated to the user at step 156and the speaker-independent recognition subsystem is engaged.

A test is then made at step 158 to determine whether the user (by spokencommand) desires to "Store" the number. If yes, the control istransferred to the Store routine of FIG. 9. If the outcome of the testat step 158 is negative, a test 162 is made to determine whether theuser has spoken (and the recognizer has recognized) a "Send" command. Ifnot, the Speech Recognition System again plays an error message at step164 and control is returned to step 158. A positive response to the"Send" test made at step 162 transfers the MIN and the string dialed tothe switch for outdialing. Such transfer occurs at step 166. At step168, the switch dials the telephone number and connects the user to thedialed number.

The Call routine is shown in detail in FIG. 7. The routine begins atstep 170 during which the Speech Recognition System responds to theuser's "Call" command with a message "Calling." At step 172, the speakerindependent recognition subsystem is engaged to obtain the user'sresponse. A test is then made at step 174 to determine if the userspeaks a "Memory" command, indicating that the number to be called is tobe stored and made available for speed-dialing once a preferably twodigit memory location number is subsequently received. If the outcome ofthe test at step 174 is positive, the Speech Recognition System queriesthe user "Which memory" and engages the recognition subsystem at step176. At step 178, a test is made to determine if a two digit memorylocation has been identified by the user. If a two digit memory locationhas not been identified, a timeout test is performed at step 180. Iftimeout occurs, the Speech Recognition System prompts the user to"Please enter next digit" at step 182 and control is returned to step178. A negative outcome of the timeout test also returns control back tostep 178.

A positive outcome of the test at step 178 indicates that the two digitmemory code has been received. The routine then recalls thepreviously-stored telephone number associated with the memory code atstep 184. The Speech Recognition System then notifies issues a "Calling"message to the user at step 186.

A user may also retrieve the stored telephone number by speaking one ofthe speaker-independent key words. Thus, if the outcome of the test atstep 174 is negative, the routine continues at step 187 with the userspeaking a valid key word associated with one or more previously-storedtelephone numbers. Without limitation, such key words include HOME,OFFICE, TIME, SECRETARY, FRIEND, WORK and INFORMATION. A test is thenmade at step 188 to determine if the work spoken is a valid key word. Ifnot, the system responds with an error message at step 190 and asks theuser to speak the word again at step 187. A positive outcome to the testat step 188 transfers control to step 186.

At step 192, the speaker-independent subsystem is again engaged toobtain a user command. A test is made at step 194 to determine whetherthe user desires to "Verify" the number retrieved. If a "Verify" commandis spoken and recognized, the stored number associated with the key wordis repeated to the user and the recognizer is engaged at step 196. Atest is then made at step 198 to determine whether the user desires to"Clear" the number retrieved and start again. If so, the SpeechRecognition System responds with a "Ready" message at step 200 andcontrol returns to step 187.

If, however, the outcome of the test at either step 194 or step 198 isnegative, a test is made at step 202 to determine if a "Send" commandhas been spoken and recognized. If not, the system responds with anerror message at step 204 and returns to step 192. If the user speaksthe "Send" message, the Speech Recognition System responds at step 206with a "Dialing" message. At step 208, the System transfers the MIN andthe telephone number to be dialed to the switch for outdialing. Theswitch dials the telephone number and connects the user to the dialednumber at step 210.

Referring now to FIG. 8, a flowchart is shown of the Directory Dialingroutine. This routine is called when the user desires to recall and dialsome previously-stored telephone numbers using a previously-storedspeaker-dependent name. In response to the "Directory" command from theuser, the routine plays a message at step 212 to request the name in thedirectory. Step 212 also engages the speaker-dependent recognitionsubsystem. A test is then made at step 214 to determine if the name hasbeen collected from the speaker. If no response is obtained, a timeouttest is performed at step 216. Failure of the speaker to respond beforethe end of the timeout causes the issuance of an error message at step218 and the routine returns to step 214. If the timeout occurs withoutthe speaker's response, control is transferred back to step 212.

A positive outcome of the test at step 214 means that the directory namespoken by the user has been recognized. The routine then continues atstep 220 and recalls from the data storage subsystem a number associatedwith such name. At step 222, the stored number is played to the user andthe Speech Recognition System issues a "Correct" prompt. A test is thenmade at step 224 to determine if the number is correct. If not, controlis returned back to step 212. If the outcome of the test at step 224 ispositive, then the Speech Recognition System responds with a "Dialing"message at step 226. At step 228, the System transfers the MIN and thetelephone number to be dialed to the switch for outdialing. The switchdials the telephone number and connects the user to the dialed number atstep 230.

Referring now to the Store routine FIG. 9, a flowchart is shown of aroutine used by the subscriber to store telephone numbers for the twodigit memory codes, keywords, and directory names to be later dialed.The routine begins in response to receipt of a speaker-independent"Store" command spoken by the user to update the speed-dial listwhenever necessary. At step 232, the routine responds to the commandwith a "Storing" message and engages the speaker-independent recognitionsubsystem. A test is then made at step 234 to determine whether the userdesires to store two digit memory codes. If so, control is transferredto the Memory routine of FIG. 10. If the outcome of the test at step 234is negative, a test is made at step 236 to determine whether the userdesires to store a Directory name or a number associated with aDirectory name. If so, control is transferred to the Directory Storageroutine of FIG. 11. If the outcome of the test at step 236 is negative,then the system will expect to receive a key word for association withthe number to be stored at step 238. A test is thus made at step 240 todetermine whether the subscriber has spoken a valid key word. If not,the system responds with an error message at step 242 and control isreturned to step 234. If the outcome of the test at step 240 ispositive, the Speech Recognition System makes an inquiry "Storing (keyword), correct" and engages the speaker-independent recognitionsubsystem at step 244. A test is then made at step 246 to determine ifthe user selection is correct. If not, the Speech Recognition Systemissues a "Location, please" prompt at step 248 and returns to step 240.A positive outcome of the test at step 246 causes the system to issue a"Storing" prompt while a number associated with the keyword is stored inthe data storage subsystem in step 249. Control is then returned to step112 in FIG. 5.

The Memory routine is shown in FIG. 10. The routine begins at step 250by inquiring "Which memory" and engages the speaker-independentrecognition subsystem. At step 252, a test is made to determine if a twodigit memory location number has been collected from the user. A timeouttest is then performed at step 254. If timeout occurs, the SpeechRecognition System prompts the user to "Please enter next digit" at step256 and control is returned to step 252. A negative outcome of thetimeout test also returns control back to step 252.

A positive outcome of the test at step 252 indicates that the two digitmemory code has been collected from the subscriber. At step 258, theSpeech Recognition System responds with a message "Storing memory (2digits), correct" and engages the speaker-independent recognitionsubsystem. A test is then made at step 260 to confirm that thesubscriber is storing the telephone number in the appropriate location.If not, the Speech Recognition System issues a "Location, please" promptat step 262 and returns to step 252. A positive outcome of the test atstep 260 then causes the routine to test at step 264 whether the memoryis already filled up with stored codes. If not, the system issues a"Storing" message and stores the number in the data storage subsystem atstep 265. If, however, the response to the test at step 264 isaffirmative, the Speech Recognition System issues a "Memory full,erase?" message and engages the speaker-independent recognitionsubsystem at step 266. A test is then performed at step 268 to determinewhether the speaker wishes to erase a memory location. If not, controlreturns to step 112 in FIG. 5.

If the subscriber desires to erase a given memory location code, thesystem issues a "Confirm erase" message at step 270 and engages thespeaker-independent recognizer. An erase test is then performed again atstep 272 to confirm that the subscriber wishes to erase the specifiedmemory location. A negative outcome of the test at step 272 returnscontrol to step 112 in FIG. 5. A positive outcome of the erase test atstep 272 causes the system to issue an acknowledgment at step 274.Control then returns to step 112 in FIG. 5.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a flowchart is shown of the Directory Storageroutine. The routine begins at step 276 in response to a positiveresponse to the Directory inquiry performed in step 236 in FIG. 9 (i.e.,receipt of the Directory command). Step 276 issues a prompt to thesubscriber to determine if a "Number in Memory" has been previouslyassociated with a Directory name. A test is then performed at step 278to determine if the Number in memory has been previously stored. If not,the Speech Recognition System responds by issuing an "Enroll" messageand engages the speaker-independent recognition subsystem at step 280. Atest is then made at step 282 to determine whether the subscriber wishesto enroll. If not, the routine terminates and returns to step 112 inFIG. 5.

If the outcome of the test at step 278 is affirmative, the SpeechRecognition System issues a message "Re-enroll" and engages thespeaker-independent recognition subsystem at step 284. A test is thenmade at step 286 to determine whether the subscriber wishes to re-enrollthe directory name. If yes, or if the outcome of the test at step 282 ispositive, the routine continues at step 288 and issues a "Name Please"message and engages the speaker-dependent recognition subsystem. Theuser then speaks the name a predetermined number (e.g., three (3) times)at step 290 to program the speaker-dependent subsystem. The newdirectory name and the associated telephone number are then stored inthe data storage subsystem in step 292. Control is then returned to step112 in FIG. 5.

If the outcome of the test at step 286 is negative, the SpeechRecognition System issues a message "Erase" and engages thespeaker-independent recognition subsystem at step 296. A test is thenmade at step 298 to determine whether the subscriber wishes to erase thedirectory number. If so, the associated number is erased at step 300.Control is then returned to step 112 in FIG. 5.

It should be appreciated that the specific names of the commands aremerely exemplary and should not be taken by way of limitation. Othersuitable command names are of course suitable.

As noted above, each cellular telephone is uniquely identified with itsMIN and ESN. In the prior art, the service provider operates the MTX 12and keeps a database of all MIN's (and their associated ESN's). Eachtime a call is placed by the cellular telephone, the service providerverifies whether the MIN and the associated ESN are authorized. If theMIN and ESN of a cellular phone are not recognized in the switchdatabase, the provider normally allows the call to proceed at least onetime. If billing authorization cannot later be verified, however, theMIN and serial number are then placed on an exception list. Subsequentattempts to use the MIN will then be rejected.

Such fraudulent use of the cellular network is ameliorated by thepresent invention. According to another feature of the invention, theSpeech Recognition System also includes a positive identificationfunction that enables the system under certain circumstances to testwhether the user associated with a received MIN (whether in or out ofthe service area) is an authorized subscriber to the service. Forexample, after a call is voice-dialed and the Send command is spoken,the system might prompt the caller to answer one or more personalquestions. Thus, the caller might be requested to speak the socialsecurity and/or account number of the subscriber (purportedly associatedwith the MIN and ESN). Alternatively, the caller can be prompted toenter such identifying information manually through the telephonekeypad. Of course, the nature and scope of the personal informationrequested by the system depends entirely on the system operator and thedegree of security sought by the subscriber and operator.

Such a system could also be used to prevent a local call being placedfrom a stolen vehicle, for example, i.e., even if the MIN was recognizedin the service provider's database. It could also be used to limitaccess to the voice-dialing function from the subscriber's phone tocertain persons. Thus the subscriber may limit his or her children orothers from using the phone without the subscriber's knowledge. If theuser cannot provide proper answers to such questions, the system rejectsthe SEND command and the call is terminated. Correct entry of therequested information enables the caller to continue his or her accessto the service.

Alternatively the identification function may be implemented inconjunction with a speaker verification function in which the user'sidentity must first be verified with some spoken predetermined personalidentification code. If the verification function is not "convinced"that the person is who he or she claims to be, the identificationfunction is then executed to ask the follow-up questions. One suchsystem is described in copending application Ser. No. 07/523,486, filedMay 15, 1990, to Hunt et al, titled "Simultaneous Speaker-IndependentVoice Recognition And Verification Over A Telephone Network," assignedto the assignee of the present invention.

The present invention has numerous advantages over the prior art. Thesystem combines the use of both speaker-dependent andspeaker-independent speech recognition in an mobile or portabletelephone communications network environment. Multiple language promptsare spoken from and available simultaneously on multiple ports from asingle automated telecommunications-based system. The language selectedis based on the language spoken by the user. The system advantageouslystores user specific speaker-dependent and speaker-independent speechinformation with particular user-based addresses.

The invention successfully implements speech recognition in the cellulartelephone or personal communications network. Non-wireline networksprovide a special challenge to both the recognition algorithm developersas well as the applications developers. The recognition algorithm inconjunction with the system application is insensitive to the radiofading, speech clipping, and speech compression conditions that occur ina non-wireline network. In addition, the recognition algorithmaccommodates conditions found in the standard switched network. Theinvention provides a means of accurately recognizing speech that haslimited distortion due to clipping or fading and provides a means ofreprompting the user for input when the speech has become too distortedfor accurate recognition.

Previously, only the best examples of spoken words have been used astokens for developing speech vocabularies. By collecting speech that hasbeen compressed or that although distorted by radio fading or clippingis still intelligible and by adding this collected speech to the speechtraining database, the vocabulary based on such data becomes more robustand less sensitive to these conditions. Adding the distorted butintelligible data to the training database of excellent example wordsallows for a more diverse statistical representation of each vocabularyword. Words that might have been previously rejected, because part ofthe word was clipped can now be recognized if enough intelligibleinformation is available. If the statistical representation of the wordindicates that not enough information is available for accuraterecognition, the recognition system will reject the word and repromptthe user for input.

The invention also enables real-time vocabulary uploading. Previously,speech recognition vocabularies were stored in memory and were notupdated or totally changed during the operation of an application. Thepresent invention solves the problem of allowing speech recognitionvocabularies to be loaded into a recognition system while an applicationis in operation. This capability allows for less high speed memory to beused in a system, because an entire set of vocabularies is not requiredto be resident in memory at one time. This capability also allows forefficient memory management when multiple languages are used, becauseonly the language required by the system user need be resident in memoryat any one time. Previously, all possible languages required by userswould have been stored in memory simultaneously.

Both continuous and discrete recognition techniques are used in theSpeech Recognition System of the present invention.

It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the specificembodiments disclosed above may be readily utilized as a basis formodifying or designing other structures for carrying out the samepurposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by thoseskilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart fromthe spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A voice recognition system for use in anon-wireline telecommunications switch connected between a telephonenetwork and at least one transmission site that communicates withnon-wireline units, comprising:a voice recognizer having aspeaker-independent recognition subsystem and a speaker-dependentrecognition subsystem for recognizing characters and commands spoken bya non-wireline telephone unit customer, wherein the speaker-independentrecognition subsystem recognizes predetermined control commands anddigits and the speaker-dependent recognition subsystem recognizescontrol commands previously stored by the non-wireline telephone unitcustomer in an off-line process; prompting means, responsive to arequest for service, for providing a prompt to the non-wireline customerto enter at least one spoken identifier providing identifyinginformation for directing a telephone call; and processor means,operative under the control of a program stored therein and responsiveto receipt by the voice recognizer of the at least one spoken identifierfrom the non-wireline unit customer, for transferring dialinginformation associated with the identifying information to thenon-wireline telecommunications switch to enable routing of thetelephone call.
 2. The voice recognition system of claim 1 wherein thespoken identifier comprises at least one digit recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 3. The voice recognition system of claim 1wherein the spoken identifier comprises a keyword recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 4. The voice recognition system of claim 1wherein the spoken identifier comprises a code recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 5. A voice recognition system for use in anon-wireline telecommunications switch connected between a telephonenetwork and at least one transmission site that communicates withnon-wireline units, comprising:a voice recognizer having aspeaker-independent recognition subsystem and a speaker-dependentrecognition subsystem for recognizing characters and commands spoken bya non-wireline telephone unit customer, wherein the speaker-independentrecognition subsystem recognizes predetermined control commands andcharacters and the speaker-dependent recognition subsystem recognizescontrol commands previously stored by the non-wireline telephone unitcustomer in an off-line process; announcing means, responsive to aservice request from the non-wireline telephone unit customer, forproviding an indication to the non-wireline telephone unit customerindicating that the voice recognizer is prepared to receive identifyinginformation to control a call; and processor means, operative under thecontrol of a program stored therein and responsive to receipt by thevoice recognizer of a spoken command from said telephone unit customer,for controlling the announcing means to request the telephone unitcustomer to confirm whether identifying information for directing atelephone call entered by the non-wireline telephone unit customer hasbeen properly recognized by the voice recognizer; the processor meansfurther operative under the control of said program for transferringdialing information to the non-wireline telecommunications switchingoffice if the identifying information has been properly recognized bythe voice recognizer.
 6. The voice recognition system of claim 5 whereinthe spoken command comprises at least one digit recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 7. The voice recognition system of claim 5wherein the spoken command comprises a keyword recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 8. The voice recognition system of claim 5wherein the spoken command comprises a code recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 9. A non-wireline telecommunicationsswitching office connected between a telephone network and a group ofcell sites that communicate with non-wireline telephone units,comprising:a non-wireline telephone switching exchange for routingincoming and outgoing calls between the telephone units and land-basedcustomers served by the telephone network; a voice recognizer having aspeaker-independent recognition subsystem and a speaker-dependentrecognition subsystem for recognizing characters and commands spoken bya non-wireline telephone unit customer, wherein the speaker-independentrecognition subsystem recognizes predetermined control commands andcharacters and the speaker-dependent recognition subsystem recognizescontrol commands previously stored by the non-wireline telephone unitcustomer in an off-line process; announcing means, responsive to aservice request from the non-wireline telephone unit customer, forproviding an indication to the non-wireline telephone unit customerindicating that the voice recognizer is prepared to receive identifyinginformation to control a call; and processor means, operative under thecontrol of a program stored therein and responsive to receipt by thevoice recognizer of a spoken command from said telephone unit customer,for controlling the announcing means to request the telephone unitcustomer to confirm whether identifying information for directing atelephone call entered by the non-wireline telephone unit customer hasbeen properly recognized by the voice recognizer; the processor meansfurther operative under the control of said program for transferringdialing information to the non-wireline telecommunications switchingoffice if the identifying information has been properly recognized bythe voice recognizer.
 10. The voice recognition system of claim 9wherein the spoken command comprises at least one digit recognized bythe speaker-dependent subsystem.
 11. The voice recognition system ofclaim 9 wherein the spoken command comprises a keyword recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 12. The voice recognition system of claim 9wherein the spoken command comprises a code recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 13. A voice recognition system for use in anon-wireline line telecommunications switching office connected betweena telephone network and a group of cell sites that communicate withnon-wireline units, the non-wireline telecommunications switching officeincluding a non-wireline telephone switching exchange for routingincoming and outgoing calls between the non-wireline units andland-based customers served by the telephone network, comprising:a voicerecognizer having a speaker-independent recognition subsystem and aspeaker-dependent recognition subsystem for recognizing characters andcommands spoken by a non-wireline telephone unit customer, wherein thespeaker-independent recognition subsystem recognizes predeterminedcontrol commands and characters and the speaker-dependent recognitionsubsystem recognizes control commands previously stored by thenon-wireline telephone unit customer in an off-line process; announcingmeans, responsive to a service request from the non-wireline telephoneunit customer, for providing an indication to the non-wireline telephoneunit customer indicating that the voice recognizer is prepared toreceive identifying information to control a call; and processor means,operative under the control of a program stored therein and responsiveto receipt by the voice recognizer of a spoken command from saidtelephone unit customer, for controlling the announcing means to requestthe telephone unit customer to confirm whether identifying informationfor directing a telephone call entered by the non-wireline telephoneunit customer has been properly recognized by the voice recognizer; theprocessor means further operative under the control of said program andresponsive to confirmation of the identifying information by thenon-wireline unit customer for controlling the announcing means toprompt the non-wireline unit customer to answer a question uniquelyassociated with an authorized user of the non-wireline unit; and whereinthe processor means is further operative under the control of saidprogram and responsive to receipt of a correct answer to the questionfor transferring dialing information to the non-wirelinetelecommunications switching office for subsequent action if theidentifying information has been properly recognized by the voicerecognizer.
 14. The voice recognition system of claim 13 wherein thespoken command comprises at least one digit recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 15. The voice recognition system of claim13 wherein the spoken command comprises a keyword recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.
 16. The voice recognition system of claim13 wherein the spoken command comprises a code recognized by thespeaker-dependent subsystem.